Quinine and the Quecha People

Quinine was used as a muscle relaxant by the Quecha people of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, to halt shivering.  It was brought to Europe by Spanish Jesuit missionaries.

The Capital of Canada

The capital of Canada is Ottawa which was chosen by Queen Victoria as Canada's capital due to its remote, defensible inland location.

It boasts an established Aviation and Space Museum, Gothic revival Parliament buildings and the Rideau Canal - the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America

Restive versus Restless

"Restless" means unable to stay still or calm, "restive" means resisting control or becoming difficult to manage. Both adjectives are used frequently in the literature on training of horses.

Example usage of the former:

"he annoyed me excessively by his restless dancing and fretting" - Horsemanship for Women, by Theodore Hoe Mead, 1887

Example usage of the latter:

"It is better not to fight a restive horse" - Horsemanship for Women, by Theodore Hoe Mead, 1887, "unless you have reason to be sure of victory".

Crude Oil and the Art of Oil Refining

Crude oil is a complex mix of hydrocarbons.

These are compounds consisting only of hydrogen and carbon.

Refining crude oil creates a plethora of products which can be broadly classified as light distillates, middle distillates, heavy distillates and other products.

Light ends/light distillates include:

• Fuel gases - methane, also propane and butane
• Naptha - a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture
• Gasoline (or petrol) - a high-volume, profitable product

Middle distillates include:

• Kerosene - widely used in aviation (formerly used profusely in lamp-lighting)
• Specific Fuel oils - e.g. diesel

Heavy distillates include:

• Heavy fuel oil - also known as bunker fuel or residual fuel oil, significantly more viscous than diesel
• Motor oil /engine oil
• Paraffin wax
• Tar
• Bitumen - an extremely viscous constituent of petroleum. In American English it is commonly called asphalt. Bitumen is also naturally occurring e.g. in the Pitch Lake in Trinidad and Tobago (bitumen is also known as pitch)

Juniper

Juniper is an ingredient of gin - it is the "dominant botanical" of gin.

Juniper "berries" (actually seed cones of the Juniperus communis) contain essential oils dominated by alpha-pinene, giving gin its piney, resinous aroma. On top of this, distillers layer other botanicals like coriander, citrus peel, angelica or orris.

The Upside Down Triangle Road Sign

An upside down triangle is the internationally used sign for "Yield" or "Give Way" as it is known in many countries. It means assess the situation and see if it is safe.  You are legally required to slow down and prepare to stop if needed. They sometimes have an additional box below e.g. Stop 100 yards to indicate where the Yield/Stop applies.

Guadalquivir River

This river goes through Seville. It means "big river" and is derived from Arabic "wadi al-Kabir". During the Roman period it was known as Betis.